I was present in the American Psychological Association they tried to media train me. And an encounter I had with CNN summarises what I'm going to be talking about today, which is the 11th reason to be optimistic. The Editor of Discover told us 10 of them. I’m going to give you the 11th. So they came to me CNN and they said Professor Seligman, would you tell us about the state of psychology today. We’d like to interview you about that. And I said great. But this is CNN so you only get a sound bite. How many words do I get? And they said 1. The cameras rolled and she said Professor Seligman, what is the state of Psychology today? Good. Cut, Cut. Well, that won't do. We'd really better give you a longer sound bite. Well, how many words do I get this time? Well you get 2? Doctor Seligman, what is the state of Psychology today? Not good. Look Dr Seligman we can see that you’re really not comfortable in this medium. We better give you a real sound bite this time. You can have three words. Professor Seligman what is the state of Psychology today? Not good enough. And that's what I'm going to be talking about. I want to say why psychology was good, why it was not good, and how it may become in the next 10 years, good enough. And by parallel, suddenly I want to say the same thing about technology, about entertainment and design, because I think the issues are very similar.
So why was psychology good? Well, for more than 60 years, psychology worked within the disease model. 10 years ago, when I was on an aeroplane, I introduced myself to my seatmate and told him what I did. They move away from me. And because quite rightly, they were saying psychology is about finding what's wrong with you, spot the looney. And now when I tell people what I do, they move toward me.
And what was good about psychology? About the $30 billion investment in NIMH made, about working in the disease model, about what you mean by psychology is that 60 years ago none of the disorders were treatable. It was entirely smoke and mirrors. And now 14 of the disorders are treatable, 2 of them actually curable and the other thing that happened is that a science developed. A science of mental illness that we found out that we could take fuzzy concepts like depression, alcoholism and measure them with rigor. That we could create a classification of the mental illnesses. That we could understand the causality of mental illnesses we could look across time at the same people, people for example were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia and ask what the contribution of mothering of genetics are and we could isolate third variables by doing experiments on the mental illnesses. And best of all we are able in the last 50 years to invent drug treatments and psychological treatments and then we were able to test them rigorously in random assignment placebo control designs, throw out the things that didn't work, keep the things that actively did and the conclusion of that is that psychology and psychiatry of the last 60 years can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable. And I think that's terrific. I'm proud of it.
But what was not good? The consequences of that were three things. The first was moral, that psychologists and psychiatrists became victimologists. Pathologizers. Our view of human nature was that if you're in trouble, bricks fell on you. And we forgot that people made choices and decisions, we forgot responsibility that was the first cost. The second cost was that we forgot about you people. We forgot about improving normal lives. We forgot about a mission to make relatively untroubled people, happier, more fulfilled, more productive and genius high talent became a dirty word. No one works on that. And the third problem about the disease model is in our rush to do something about people in trouble, in our rush to do something about repairing damage, it never occurred to us to develop interventions to make people happier. Positive interventions. So that was not good. And so that's what led to people like Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert, Mike Csikszentmihalyi and myself to work in something I call positive psychology, which has three aims.
The first is that psychology should be just as concerned with human strength as it is with weakness. It should be just as concerned with building strength as with repairing damage. It should be interested in the best things in life, and it should be just as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling and with genius, with nurturing high talent.
So in the last 10 years, and the hope for the future, we've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology. A science of what makes life worth living. It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness, and any of you, for free, can go to that website and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness. You can ask, how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning, for flow, against literally 10s of thousands of other people? We created the opposite of the diagnostic manual of the Insanities, a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio, how they're defined, how to diagnose, what builds them, what gets in their way? We found that we could discover the causation of the positive states, the relationship between left hemispheric activity and right hemispheric activity as a cause of happiness.
I spent my life working on extremely miserable people, and I've asked the question, how do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you? And starting about six years ago, we asked about extremely happy people, and how do they differ from the rest of us? And it turns out there's one way very surprised that they're not more religious, they're not in better shape, they don't have more money, they're not better looking. They don't have more good events and fewer bad events, but one way in which they differ, they're extremely social. They don't sit in seminars on Saturday morning. They don't spend time alone. Each of them is in a romantic relationship, and each has a rich repertoire of friends. But watch out here. This is merely correlational data, not causal. And it's about happiness in the first Hollywood sense I'm going to talk about. Happiness of a ebullience and giggling. And good cheer. And I'm going to suggest to you that's not nearly enough in just a moment.
We found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries, from the Buddha to Tony Robbins. About 120 interventions have been proposed that allegedly make people happy, and we find that we've been able to manualise many of them and we actually carry out random assignment efficacy and effectiveness studies. That is, which ones actually make people lastingly happier? In a couple of minutes I'll tell you about some of those results, but the upshot of this is that the mission that I want psychology to have in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable, is can psychology actually make people happier? And to ask that question happy is not a word I use very much. We've had to break it down into what I think is askable about happy. And I believe there are three different. And I call them different because different interventions build them. It's possible to have one rather than the other. Three different happy lives. The first happy life is the pleasant life. This is a life in which you have as much positive emotion as you possibly can and the skills to amplify it. The second is the life of engagement. A life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure. Time stops for you. That's what Aristotle was talking about. And 3rd the meaningful life. So I want to say a little bit about each of those lives and what we know about them.
The first life is the pleasant life and it's simply as best we can find it. It's having as many of the pleasures as you can, as much positive emotion as you can and learning the skills, savouring mindfulness that amplify them, that stretch from over time and space. But the pleasant life has three drawbacks, and it's why positive psychology is not happy-ology and why it doesn't end here. The first drawback is that it turns out the pleasant life, your experience of positive emotion is heritable. 50% heritable and in fact not very modifiable. So the different tricks that Matthieu and I and others know about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life are 15 to 20% tricks. Getting more of it. Second is that the positive emotion habituate's. It habituate's rapidly indeed. It's all like French vanilla ice cream, first taste is 100%. By the time you're down to the sixth taste, it's gone. And as I said, it's not particularly malleable. And this leads to the Second Life.
I have to tell you about my friend Len, to talk about why positive psychology is more than positive emotion, more than building pleasure. In two of the three great arenas of life. By the time Len was 30, Len was enormously successful. The first arena was work. By the time he was twenty, he's an options trader. By the time he was 25 he’s a multimillionaire and head of an options trading company. Second in play, he’s a national champion bridge player. But in the third grade arena of life, love, Len is an abysmal failure. And the reason he was, was that Len is a cold fish. Len is an introvert. American women said to Len when he dated them. You're no fun. You don't have positive emotion. Get lost. And Len was wealthy enough to be able to afford a Park Ave psychoanalyst who for five years tried to find the sexual trauma that had somehow locked positive emotion inside of him. But it turned out there wasn't any sexual trauma. It turned out that, Len grew up in Long Island. He played football and watched football and play bridge. Len is in the bottom 5% of what we call positive affectivities. The question is Len unhappy? And I want to say not. Contrary to what psychology told us about the bottom 50% of the human race and positive affectivity, I think Len is one of the happiest people I know. He's not consigned to the hell of unhappiness. And that's because Len, like most of you, is enormously capable of flow. When he walks onto the floor of the American Exchange at 9:30 in the morning. Time stops for him. And it stops till the closing bell when the first card is played, till 10 days later the tournament is over. Time stops for Len. And this is indeed what Mike Csikszentmihalyi has been talking about. About flow and its distinct from pleasure in a very important way. Pleasure has raw feels. You know it's happening. It's thought and feeling, but what Mike told you yesterday, during flow you can't feel anything. You're one with the music. Time stops. You have intense concentration, and this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life. And we think there's a recipe for it, and it's knowing what your highest strengths are. And again, there's a valid test of which you’re five higher strengths are. And then re crafting your life to use them as much as you possibly can. Re crafting your work, your love, your play, your friendship, your parenting.
But just one example, one person I worked with was a bagger at Genuardi’s. She hated the job. She's working away through college. Her highest strength was social intelligence, so she recrafted, bagging to make the encounter with her the social highlight of every customer’s day. Now obviously she failed, but what she did was to take her highest strengths and re craft work to use them as much as possible. What you get out of that is not smiliness. You don't look like Debbie Reynolds. You don't giggle a lot. What you get is more absorption. So that's the second path, first path, positive emotion. The second path is eudaimonian flow, and the third path is meaning. This is the most venerable of all the happinesses traditionally. And meaning in this view consists of very parallel to eudaimonia. It consists of knowing what your higher strengths are and using them to belong to and in the service of something larger than you are.
Well, I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives. The pleasant life, the good life, the meaningful life, people are now hard at work on the question, Are there things that lastingly change those lives? And the answer seems to be yes, and I'll just give you some samples of it. It's being done in a rigorous manner. It's being done in the same way that we test drugs to see what really works. So we do random assignment, placebo-controlled long term studies of different interventions. And just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect. When we teach people about the pleasant life, how to have more pleasure in your life. One of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills, the savouring skills, and you're assigned to design a beautiful day. Next Saturday. Set a say aside, design yourself a beautiful day and use savouring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures. And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced.
Gratitude visit. I want you all to do this with me now if you would. Close your eyes. I'd like you to remember someone who did something enormously important, that changed your life in the good direction, who you never properly thanked. The person has to be alive. OK now. OK, you can open your eyes. I hope all of you have such a person. Your assignment when you're learning the gratitude visit is to write a 300 word testimonial to that person. Call them on the phone in Phoenix. Ask if you can visit. Don't tell them why. Show up at their door. You read the testimonial. Everyone weeps when this happens. And what happens is when we test people one week later, a month later, three months later, they're both happier and less depressed.
Another example is a strength state in which we get couples to identify their highest strengths on the strengths, test, and then to design an evening in which they both use their strengths. And we find this is a strengthener of relationships and fun versus philanthropy but it’s so heartening to be in a group like this, in which so many of you have turned your lives to philanthropy. Well, my undergraduates and the people I work with haven’t discovered this, so we actually have people do something altruistic and do something fun and to contrast it and what you find is when you do something fun, it has a square wave walk set. When you do something philanthropic to help another person, it lasts and it lasts.
So those are examples of positive interventions. So the next the last thing I want to say is. We're interested in how much life satisfaction people have. This is really what you're about. And that's our target variable. And we asked the question as a function of the three different lives, how much life satisfaction do you get? So we ask, and we've done this in 15 replications involving thousands of people. To what extent is the pursuit of pleasure, the pursuit of positive emotion, the pleasant life, the pursuit of engagement, time stopping for you, and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction? And our results surprised us, they were backward of what we thought. It turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution to life satisfaction. The pursuit of meaning is the strongest and the pursuit of engagement is also very strong. Where pleasure matters is if you have both engagement and you have meaning, then pleasures the whip cream and the cherry, which is to say the full life. The sum is greater than then the parts if you've got all three. Conversely, if you have none of the three, the empty life, the sum is less than the parts. And what we're asking now is does the very same relationship, physical health, morbidity, how long you live, and productivity follow the same relationship? That is, in a corporation, is productivity a function of positive emotion, engagement and meaning? Is health, a function of positive engagement, of pleasure and of meaning in life? And there is reason to think the answer to both of those may well be yes.
So Chris said that the last speaker had a chance to try to integrate what he heard. And so this was amazing for me. I've never been in a gathering like this. I've never seen speakers stretch beyond themselves so much, which was one of the remarkable things. But I found that the problems of psychology seem to be parallel to the problems of technology, entertainment and design in the following way.
We all know that technology, entertainment and design have been and can be used for destructive purposes. We also know that technology, entertainment and design can be used to relieve misery. And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery and building happiness is extremely important. I thought when I first became a therapist 30 years ago that if I could make someone, if I was good enough to make someone not depressed, not actually anxious, not angry, that I'd make them happy. And I never found that. I found the best you could ever do was to get to 0. But they were empty. And, it turns out, the skills of happiness, the skills of the pleasant life, the skills of engagement, the skills of meaning are different from the skills of relieving misery, and so the parallel thing holds with technology, entertainment and design I believe. That is it is possible for these three drivers of our world to increase happiness. To increase positive emotion, and that's typically how they've been used. But once you fractionate happiness the way I do, not just positive emotion, that's not nearly enough. There is flow in life and there's meaning in life as Laura Lee told us, design and I believe entertainment and technology can be used to increase meaning engagement in life as well.
So in conclusion, the 11th reason for optimism in addition to the space elevator is that I think, with technology, entertainment and design, we can actually increase the amount of tonnage of human happiness on the planet, and if technology can in the next decade or two, increase the pleasant life, the good life and the meaningful life, it will be good enough. If entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion, meaning, eudaimonia it will be good enough and if design can increase positive emotion, eudaimonia and flow and meaning, what we're all doing together will become good enough. Thank you.
The new era of positive psychology | Martin Seligman video
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